07 Aug 09
Posted in BNP, Heart failure/Cardiogenic shock at 11:59 by Laci
By R Jarai, B Fellner, D Haoula, N Jordanova, G Heinz, G Karth, K Huber, A Geppert
Crit Care Med 2009;37:1837-1844
Plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (Nt-pro-BNP) levels are frequently elevated in critically ill patients and are associated with an increased mortality. In this study, we determined Nt-pro-BNP levels in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) and evaluated its association with clinical and hemodynamic parameters and 30-day mortality.
Design
Retrospective study.
Setting
Two, eight-bed intensive care units at a university and a community hospital.
Patients
Retrospective study on stored plasma samples of 58 patients with CS, obtained at admission to the intensive care unit.
Interventions
None.
Measurements and main results
Massively elevated Nt-pro-BNP concentrations showed no significant association with duration of shock, total Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, or invasive hemodynamic parameters at the time of blood sampling but a significant association with estimated glomerular filtration rate (p < 0.001), C-reactive protein (p = 0.03), age (p = 0.005), and body weight (p = 0.03). Both in univariate and multivariate survival analyses, Nt-pro-BNP levels above the median (>12,782 pg/mL) were significant predictors of 30-day mortality (p < 0.001) and showed a complementary role with interleukin (IL)-6 in predicting outcome. Patients with IL-6 >195 pg/mL and Nt-pro-BNP above the median value had the highest 30-day mortality (93.7%), whereas patients with lower IL-6 levels together with lower Nt-pro-BNP levels had significantly better survival (mortality rate 26.3%). Among patients who had acute myocardial infarction, those with Nt-pro-BNP concentrations above the median level showed a highly impaired clinical course even if coronary revascularization was successful (30-day mortality 90.9% vs. 29.4%, p = 0.001), whereas survival of patients with unsuccessful revascularization did not differ significantly with respect to the median of Nt-pro-BNP (30-day survival rate 81.8% vs. 75.0%, p = 0.71).
Conclusion
The massive elevations of Nt-pro-BNP observed in the early phase of CS seem to be independent of ventricular performance. Nt-pro-BNP levels are nevertheless predictive of 30-day survival in patients with CS especially in those with successful revascularization and might be used in combination with IL-6 for estimation of outcome early on.
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16 Feb 09
Posted in Echocardiography, Heart failure/Cardiogenic shock at 0:43 by Laci
By J Grewal, R B McCully, G C Kane, C Lam, P A Pellikka
JAMA. 2009;301:286-294
Limited information exists regarding the role of left ventricular function in predicting exercise capacity and impact on age- and sex-related differences.
Objectives
To determine the impact of measures of cardiac function assessed by echocardiography on exercise capacity and to determine if these associations are modified by sex or advancing age.
Design
Cross-sectional study of patients undergoing exercise echocardiography with routine measurements of left ventricular systolic and diastolic function by 2-dimensional and Doppler techniques. Analyses were conducted to determine the strongest correlates of exercise capacity and the age and sex interactions of these variables with exercise capacity.
Setting
Large tertiary referral center in Rochester, Minnesota, in 2006.
Participants
Patients undergoing exercise echocardiography using the Bruce protocol (N = 2867). Patients with echocardiographic evidence of exercise-induced ischemia, ejection fractions lower than 50%, or significant valvular heart disease were excluded.
Main outcome measure
Exercise capacity in metabolic equivalents (METs).
Results
Diastolic dysfunction was strongly and inversely associated with exercise capacity. Compared with normal function, after multivariate adjustment, those with moderate/severe resting diastolic dysfunction (–1.30 METs; 95% confidence interval [CI], –1.52 to –0.99; P < .001) and mild resting diastolic dysfunction (–0.70 METs; 95% CI, –0.88 to –0.46; P < .001) had substantially lower exercise capacity. Variation of left ventricular systolic function within the normal range was not associated with exercise capacity. Left ventricular filling pressures measured by resting E/e’ of 15 or greater (–0.41 METs; 95% CI, –0.70 to –0.11; P = .007) or postexercise E/e’ of 15 or greater (–0.41 METs; 95% CI, –0.71 to –0.11; P = .007) were similarly associated with a reduction in exercise capacity, each in separate multivariate analyses. Individuals with impaired relaxation (mild dysfunction) or resting E/e’ of 15 or greater had a progressive increase in the magnitude of reduction in exercise capacity with advancing age (P < .001 and P = .02, respectively). Other independent correlates of exercise capacity were age (unstandardized β coefficient, –0.85 METs; 95% CI, –0.92 to –0.77, per 10-year increment; P < .001), female sex (–1.98 METs; 95% CI, –2.15 to –1.84; P < .001), and body mass index greater than 30 (–1.24 METs; 95% CI, –1.41 to –1.10; P < .001).
Conclusion
In this large cross-sectional study of those referred for exercise echocardiography and not limited by ischemia, abnormalities of left ventricular diastolic function were independently associated with exercise capacity.
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15 Nov 08
Posted in BNP, Heart failure/Cardiogenic shock at 0:00 by Laci
By C Kirchhoff, BA Leidel, S Kirchhoff, V Braunstein, V Bogner, U Kreimeier, W Mutschler and P Biberthaler
Critical Care 2008;12:R118
Increased serum B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) has been identified for diagnosis and prognosis of impaired cardiac function in patients suffering from congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, and sepsis. However, the prognostic value of BNP in multiple injured patients developing multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) remains undetermined. Therefore, the aims of this study were to assess N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) in multiple injured patients and to correlate the results with invasively assessed cardiac output and clinical signs of MODS.
Methods
Twenty-six multiple injured patients presenting a New Injury Severity Score of greater than 16 points were included. The MODS score was calculated on admission as well as 24, 48, and 72 hours after injury. Patients were subdivided into groups: group A showed minor signs of organ dysfunction (MODS score less than or equal to 4 points) and group B suffered from major organ dysfunction (MODS score of greater than 4 points). Venous blood (5 mL) was collected after admission and 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after injury. NT-proBNP was determined using the Elecsys proBNP® assay. The hemodynamic monitoring of cardiac index (CI) was performed using transpulmonary thermodilution.
Results
Serum NT-proBNP levels were elevated in all 26 patients. At admission, the serum NT-proBNP values were 116 ± 21 pg/mL in group A versus 209 ± 93 pg/mL in group B. NT-proBNP was significantly lower at all subsequent time points in group A in comparison with group B (P < 0.001). In contrast, the CI in group A was significantly higher than in group B at all time points (P < 0.001). Concerning MODS score and CI at 24, 48, and 72 hours after injury, an inverse correlation was found (r = -0.664, P < 0.001). Furthermore, a correlation was found comparing MODS score and serum NT-proBNP levels (r = 0.75, P < 0.0001).
Conclusions
Serum NT-proBNP levels significantly correlate with clinical signs of MODS 24 hours after multiple injury. Furthermore, a distinct correlation of serum NT-proBNP and decreased CI was found. The data of this pilot study may indicate a potential value of NT-proBNP in the diagnosis of post-traumatic cardiac impairment. However, further studies are needed to elucidate this issue.
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07 Sep 08
Posted in Coronary artery disease, Heart failure/Cardiogenic shock, Inotropic support at 19:27 by Laci
By JT Fuhrmann, A Schmeisser, MR Schulze, C Wunderlich, SP Schoen, T Rauwolf, C Weinbrenner, RH Strasser
Critical Care Medicine 2008:36:2257-2266
Cardiogenic shock is the leading cause of death in patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction. The objectives were to investigate the effects of levosimendan, a novel inodilator, compared with the phosphodiesterase-III inhibitor enoximone in refractory cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction, on top of current therapy.
Design
Prospective, randomized, controlled single-center clinical trial.
Setting
Medical and coronary intensive care unit in a university hospital.
Patients
Thirty-two patients with refractory cardiogenic shock for at least 2 hrs requiring additional therapy.
Interventions
Infusion of either levosimendan (12 ug/kg over 10 min, followed by 0.1 ug/kg/min over 50 min, and of 0.2 ug/kg/min for the next 23 hrs) or enoximone (fractional loading dose of 0.5 mg/kg, followed by 2-10 ug/kg/min continuously) after initiation of current therapy, always including revascularization, intra-aortic balloon pump counterpulsation, and inotropes.
Measurements and main results
Survival rate at 30 days was significantly higher in the levosimendan-treated group (69%, 11 of 16) compared with the enoximone group (37%, 6 of 16, p = 0.023). Invasive hemodynamic parameters during the first 48 hrs were comparable in both groups. Levosimendan induced a trend toward higher cardiac index, cardiac power index, left ventricular stroke work index, and mixed venous oxygen saturation. In addition, lower cumulative values for catecholamines at 72 hrs and for clinical signs of inflammation were seen in the levosimendan-treated patients. Multiple organ failure leading to death occurred exclusively in the enoximone group (4 of 16 patients).
Conclusions
In severe and refractory cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction, levosimendan, added to current therapy, may contribute to improved survival compared with enoximone.
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